Explain the formation of a covalent bond between two nitrogen atoms.
How does Al form cations?
How does O form anions?
Draw the electron cross and dot structure of the H2O molecule.
Describe the importance of noble gas electronic configuration.
Explain how elements attain stability.
Describe the ways in which bonds may be formed.
Describe the formation of a covalent bond between two non-metallic elements.
Explain with examples single, double, and triple covalent bonds.
Find the number of valence electrons in the following atoms by using the periodic table.
Represent the formation of cations for the following metal atom using electron dot structures.
A sample of sulfur from a volcano was analyzed to give the following composition of isotopes (Atomic number of S = 16): a) Define the term isotope. b) Define the term relative atomic mass. c) Calculate the relative atomic mass of sulfur. d) Complete the following table. e) Where will you place S in the periodic table? f) How many electrons will S lose or gain to acquire a stable configuration? g) How many atoms of S are there in 0.3 moles of sulfur?
An atom of an element has an atomic number of 9 and a mass number of 19. a) State the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of this atom. b) State the number of electrons in this atom. c) Show with electron cross-dot diagrams the formation of ions by this atom. d) Write the electronic configuration of this element. e) Point out its group in the periodic table. f) Point out its period in the periodic table.
Magnesium oxide is a compound made up of magnesium ions and oxide ions. a) What is the charge on these ions? b) Show with electron cross-dot diagrams the formation of these ions.
The diagrams below show the electronic structures of an atom of calcium and an atom of oxygen. Draw the structure of the ions that are formed when these atoms react.
The table below shows the properties of four substances: a) Which substance is a metal? b) Which substance is an ionic compound? c) Which substance is a covalent compound? d) Which substance is a non-metal?
Use the diagrams and your knowledge of structure and bonding to answer the following questions: a) Explain why both diamond and graphite have high melting points. b) Explain why graphite is used in pencil 'leads' for writing. c) Explain why diamond is used on the tips of high-speed drills.
Use this diagram to explain the main features of metallic bonding: a) Explain why metals are good conductors of electricity. b) Explain why, in general, metals have high melting points.
Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. It forms covalent molecules with the formula (N2). Which of the following dot-and-cross diagrams best represents a nitrogen molecule?
The diagrams show two different structures of the Group 4 element carbon and two compounds of Group 4 elements: a) Which two of the diagrams represent different structures of the element carbon? b) The substances are carbon dioxide, diamond, graphite, and silicon dioxide. Name each substance, A to D. c) Name the type of bonding which occurs between the atoms in all of the substances A to D. d) Name the type of structure for each substance A to D.
Analyze the differences in melting and boiling points between ionic and covalent compounds.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) readily dissolves in water, whereas diamond (C) does not. Give a reason for this observation based on the intermolecular forces and bonding present in each substance.
Why are ionic compounds typically brittle?
Design a Lewis structure for the molecule ammonia (NH3), and discuss its polarity.
What are the factors that influence the mobility of charged particles and their ability to conduct electricity in solid and molten states?